López, J. M. (2026). The impact of gamified environments on the development of active methodologies
in education. Polo del Conocimiento, 11(1), 1–18.
https://polodelconocimiento.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/11059/html
Lu, L. (2025). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of problem-based learning on critical thinking.
European Journal of Educational Research, 14(2), 639–652. https://www.eu-jer.com/a-meta-
analysis-of-the-effectiveness-of-problem-based-learning-on-critical-thinking
Muñiz, R. E. A., Zambrano, C. L., & Cedeño, M. P. (2025). Metodologías activas como estrategias para
fomentar el pensamiento crítico. RECIMUNDO, 9(2), 122–136.
https://www.recimundo.com/index.php/es/article/view/2516
Mutanga, M. B. (2024). Students’ perspectives and experiences in project-based learning. Journal of
Education and Learning Technology, 3(4), Article 52. https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4346/3/4/52
Putra, R. A., Ningsih, S., & Rahman, A. (2025). Implementation of problem-based learning to enhance
critical thinking skills among junior secondary students. International Journal of Educational
Research Excellence, 4(2), 210–222.
https://ejournal.ipinternasional.com/index.php/ijere/article/view/1344
Ramdani, A., Jufri, A. W., Gunawan, G., Fahrurrozi, M., & Yustiqvar, M. (2022). The effectiveness of
collaborative learning on critical thinking, creative thinking, and metacognitive skill ability:
Meta-analysis on biological learning. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(3), 1607–
1628. https://www.eu-jer.com/the-effectiveness-of-collaborative-learning-on-critical-thinking-
creative-thinking-and-metacognitive-skill-ability-meta-analysis-on-biological-learning
Rehman, N., Zhang, W., Mahmood, A., & Iqbal, J. (2024). Project-based learning as a catalyst for 21st-
century skills and critical thinking. Heliyon, 10(23), Article e40619.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40619
Riyanda, A. R., Ambiyar, A., & Waskito, W. (2024). Enhancing higher-order thinking skills through
case-based and project-based learning models. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences,
51(4), 118–130. https://jonuns.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1590
Sánchez, P. A. A. (2024). Metodologías activas para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y creativo.
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana.
https://pure.ups.edu.ec/en/publications/metodolog%C3%ADas-activas-para-el-desarrollo-del-
pensamiento-cr%C3%ADtico-y/
Sappaile, B. I., Ahmad, D., & Nur, A. S. (2025). Fostering critical thinking among middle school students
through problem-based learning. International Journal of Educational Research Excellence,
4(1), 88–101. https://ejournal.ipinternasional.com/index.php/ijere/article/download/1253/1312
Yu, L., Shek, D. T. L., & Zhu, X. (2023). The critical thinking-oriented adaptations of problem-based
learning: A systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1139987.
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1139987
Zhang, L., Wang, X., & Liu, Y. (2023). A study of the impact of project-based learning on student
learning outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1202728.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10411581/